日本の哲学者紹介：細谷 功
今回の哲学者
細谷 功の書籍紹介
「具体と抽象 世界が変わって見える知性のしくみ」
■「具体と抽象」の比較
⑴具体の特徴
a.直接目に見える
b.「実体」と直結
c.一つ一つ個別対応
d.解釈の自由度が低い
e.応用が利かない
f.「実務家」の世界
⑵抽象の特徴
a.直接目に見えない
b.「実体」とは一見乖離
c.分類としてまとめて対応
d.解釈の自由度が高い
e.応用が効く
f.「学者」の世界
抽象は、一般的に「わかりにくい、もっと具体的に話してほしい」と言われるが、抽象こそ、人間の思考の基本中の基本であり、人間を人間たらしめる非常に重要な概念です。人間の知性のほとんどは抽象化によって成立しているといっても過言ではありません。「わかりやすさの時代」には「抽象」が退化していくのではないかというのがあります。
■抽象化とは
⑴抽象化とは、複数の具体的な事象に高次の共通点を見つけて一般化することです。そこで見つけた共通点を基にして一見まったく異なるように見えるものをつなげることで新しい発想を生み出すことができるようになります。ここでいう「高次の」というのが「メタ」の視点ということになります。
⑵抽象化とは、複数の事象の間に法則を見つける「パターン認識」の能力ともいえます。身の回りのものにパターンを見つけ、名前をつけ、法則として複数場面に活用することです。
■議論がかみ合わないのはなぜ？
どのレベルで話しているのかという視点がほったらかしで話が展開されることが多いので、具体レベルでしか話が捉えられない場合、話がバラバラに聞こえる。具体と抽象は相対的に変わる。人の思考・知識・経験によって違う。
具体性だけではなく、具体と抽象の両方を行き来しながら考え、話すことができる人が、話がうまい人といわれています。
記者がみる！令和哲学とつながるポイント
一つの動きで色々な哲学の概念を説明するときに、わかりにくさや抽象的で諦めてしまう人が多いが、抽象化の重要性と具体と抽象のが行き来を意識することで、より令和哲学が理解できると思い、ご紹介しました。
この記事のライター
泊 由美子
（Tomari Yumiko）
高校卒業後、国際交流を通して境界線ないつながりをつくるために哲学の必要性を感じ、令和哲学を学び始める。
日常と乖離しやすい哲学という分野を令和哲学を通して、日常で使える哲学を伝達中。
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